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.\" $Id: gxemul.1,v 1.39 2005/11/23 22:03:25 debug Exp $ |
.\" $Id: gxemul.1,v 1.68 2006/07/16 13:32:24 debug Exp $ |
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.\" |
.\" |
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.\" Copyright (C) 2004-2005 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
.\" Copyright (C) 2004-2006 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
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.\" |
.\" |
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: |
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: |
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.\" This is a minimal man page for GXemul. Process this file with |
.\" This is a minimal man page for GXemul. Process this file with |
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.\" groff -man -Tascii gxemul.1 or nroff -man gxemul.1 |
.\" groff -man -Tascii gxemul.1 or nroff -man gxemul.1 |
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.\" |
.\" |
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.Dd NOVEMBER 2005 |
.Dd JULY 2006 |
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.Dt GXEMUL 1 |
.Dt GXEMUL 1 |
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.Os |
.Os |
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.Sh NAME |
.Sh NAME |
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.Nm |
.Nm |
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.Op general options |
.Op general options |
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.Ar @configfile |
.Ar @configfile |
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.Nm |
.\" TODO: Reenable this once userland emulation works: |
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.Op userland, other, and general options |
.\" .Nm |
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.Ar file Op Ar args ... |
.\" .Op userland, other, and general options |
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|
.\" .Ar file Op Ar args ... |
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.Sh DESCRIPTION |
.Sh DESCRIPTION |
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.Nm |
.Nm |
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is an experimental instruction-level machine emulator. Several |
is an experimental instruction-level machine emulator. Several |
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systems (e.g. NetBSD) run inside the emulator as if they were running on a |
systems (e.g. NetBSD) run inside the emulator as if they were running on a |
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real machine. |
real machine. |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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The processor architecture best emulated by GXemul is MIPS, but other |
Processors (ARM, MIPS, PowerPC) are emulated using dynamic translation. |
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architectures (ARM and PowerPC) are also partially emulated. |
However, unlike some other dynamically translating emulators, GXemul does |
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.Pp |
not currently generate native code, only a "runnable intermediate |
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MIPS processors are emulated either using a simple type of binary |
representation", and will thus run on any host architecture, without the |
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translator (on Alpha and i386 hosts), or using traditional slow |
need to implement per-architecture backends. |
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interpretation (all other hosts, including amd64 machines running in |
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64-bit mode). |
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.Pp |
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Non-MIPS processors are emulated using a newer dynamic |
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translation system (called dyntrans in the rest of this man page); |
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dyntrans does not require any host-specific code, so it should work on any |
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platform. Performance is somewhere between binary translation and |
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traditional interpretation. |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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There are three ways to invoke the emulator: |
The emulator can be invoked in the following ways: |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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1. When emulating a complete machine, configuration options can be entered |
1. When emulating a complete machine, configuration options can be entered |
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directly on the command line. |
directly on the command line. |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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2. Options can be read from a configuration file. |
2. Options can be read from a configuration file. |
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.Pp |
.\" .Pp |
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3. When emulating a userland environment (syscall-only emulation, not |
.\" 3. When emulating a userland environment (syscall-only emulation, not |
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emulating complete machines), then the program name and its argument |
.\" emulating complete machines), then the program name and its argument |
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should be given on the command line. (This mode doesn't really work yet.) |
.\" should be given on the command line. (This mode doesn't really work yet, |
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.\" and is disabled for stable release builds.) |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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The easiest way to use the emulator is to supply settings directly on the |
The easiest way to use the emulator is to supply settings directly on the |
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command line. The most important thing you need to supply is the |
command line. The most important thing you need to supply is the |
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option to indicate which file on the CDROM filesystem that should be |
option to indicate which file on the CDROM filesystem that should be |
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loaded into emulated memory. |
loaded into emulated memory. |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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Gzipped kernels are automatically unzipped, by calling the external gunzip |
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program, both when specifying a gzipped file directly on the command line |
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and when loading such a file using the |
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.Fl j |
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option. |
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.Pp |
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Machine selection options: |
Machine selection options: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
.Bl -tag -width Ds |
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.It Fl E Ar t |
.It Fl E Ar t |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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Other options: |
Other options: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
.Bl -tag -width Ds |
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.It Fl A |
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Disable load/store alignment checks in some cases. This might give a small |
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increase in performance, but the emulator will not run correctly if the |
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emulated code actually tries to do unaligned loads or stores. (This option |
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is only meaningful when emulating MIPS CPUs, when the host architecture is |
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Alpha or i386, and binary translation is enabled.) |
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.It Fl B |
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Disable dynamic binary translation. By default, bintrans |
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will be turned on if the host+target architecture combination is |
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supported. Currently, the only supported target architecture for bintrans |
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is MIPS, and the supported host architectures are Alpha and i386. |
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.It Fl C Ar x |
.It Fl C Ar x |
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Try to emulate a specific CPU type, |
Try to emulate a specific CPU type, |
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.Ar "x". |
.Ar "x". |
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(Use |
(Use |
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.Fl H |
.Fl H |
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to get a list of available CPU types.) |
to get a list of available CPU types.) |
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.It Fl d Ar name |
.It Fl d Ar [modifiers:]filename |
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Add |
Add |
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.Ar name |
.Ar filename |
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as a disk image. By adding one or more modifier characters and then a |
as a disk image. By adding one or more modifier characters and then a |
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colon (":") as a prefix to |
colon (":") as a prefix to |
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.Ar "name", |
.Ar filename, |
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you can modify the way the disk image is treated. Available modifiers are: |
you can modify the way the disk image is treated. Available modifiers are: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
.Bl -tag -width Ds |
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.It b |
.It b |
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Override the default geometry; use H heads and S sectors-per-track. |
Override the default geometry; use H heads and S sectors-per-track. |
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(The number of cylinders is calculated automatically.) |
(The number of cylinders is calculated automatically.) |
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.It i |
.It i |
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IDE. |
IDE. (This is the default for most machine types.) |
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.It r |
.It r |
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Read-only (don't allow changes to be written to the file). |
Read-only (don't allow changes to be written to the file). |
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.It s |
.It s |
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SCSI (this is the default for most machine types). |
SCSI. |
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.It t |
.It t |
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Tape. |
Tape. |
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.It 0-7 |
.It 0-7 |
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Force a specific ID number. |
Force a specific ID number. |
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.El |
.El |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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For SCSI devices, the ID number is the SCSI ID. For IDE harddisks, the ID |
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number has the following meaning: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
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.It 0 |
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Primary master. |
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.It 1 |
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Primary slave. |
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.It 2 |
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Secondary master. |
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.It 3 |
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Secondary slave. |
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.El |
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.Pp |
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Unless otherwise specified, filenames ending with ".iso" or ".cdr" are |
Unless otherwise specified, filenames ending with ".iso" or ".cdr" are |
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assumed to be CDROM images. Most others are assumed to be disks. Depending |
assumed to be CDROM images. Most others are assumed to be disks. Depending |
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on which machine is being emulated, the default for disks can be either |
on which machine is being emulated, the default for disks can be either |
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heads and cylinders are assumed to be 2 and 80, respectively, and the |
heads and cylinders are assumed to be 2 and 80, respectively, and the |
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number of sectors per track is calculated automatically. (This works for |
number of sectors per track is calculated automatically. (This works for |
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720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB, and 2.88MB floppies.) |
720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB, and 2.88MB floppies.) |
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.It Fl G Ar port |
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Pause at startup, and listen to TCP port |
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.Ar port |
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for incoming remote GDB connections. The emulator starts up in paused |
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mode, and it is up to the remote GDB instance to start the session. |
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.It Fl I Ar x |
.It Fl I Ar x |
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Emulate clock interrupts at |
Emulate clock interrupts at |
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.Ar x |
.Ar x |
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This disables automatic clock adjustments, which is otherwise turned on.) |
This disables automatic clock adjustments, which is otherwise turned on.) |
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(This option is probably only valid for DECstation emulation.) |
(This option is probably only valid for DECstation emulation.) |
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.It Fl i |
.It Fl i |
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Display each instruction as it is being executed. |
Enable instruction trace, i.e. display disassembly of each instruction as |
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it is being executed. |
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.It Fl J |
.It Fl J |
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Disable some speed tricks. For MIPS emulation, these are mostly |
Disable instruction combinations in the dynamic translator. |
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timing-related. For non-MIPS emulation (i.e. those modes using dyntrans), |
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this flag disables the use of "instruction combinations". |
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.It Fl j Ar n |
.It Fl j Ar n |
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Set the name of the kernel to |
Set the name of the kernel to |
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.Ar "n". |
.Ar "n". |
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When booting from an ISO9660 filesystem, the emulator will try to boot |
When booting from an ISO9660 filesystem, the emulator will try to boot |
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using this file. (In some emulation modes, eg. DECstation, this name is passed |
using this file. (In some emulation modes, eg. DECstation, this name is passed |
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along to the boot program. Useful names are "bsd" for OpenBSD/pmax, |
along to the boot program. Useful names are "bsd" for OpenBSD/pmax, |
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or "vmunix" for Ultrix.) |
"vmunix" for Ultrix, or "vmsprite" for Sprite.) |
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.It Fl M Ar m |
.It Fl M Ar m |
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Emulate |
Emulate |
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.Ar m |
.Ar m |
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MBs of physical RAM. This overrides the default amount of RAM for the |
MBs of physical RAM. This overrides the default amount of RAM for the |
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selected machine type. |
selected machine type. |
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.It Fl m Ar nr |
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Run at most |
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.Ar nr |
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instructions (on any cpu). |
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.It Fl N |
.It Fl N |
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Display nr of instructions/second average, at regular intervals. |
Display the number of executed instructions per second on average, at |
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regular intervals. |
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.It Fl n Ar nr |
.It Fl n Ar nr |
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Set nr of CPUs (for SMP experiments). |
Set the number of processors in the machine, for SMP experiments. |
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.Pp |
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Note 1: The emulator allocates quite a lot of virtual memory for |
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per-CPU translation tables. On 64-bit hosts, this is normally not a |
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problem. On 32-bit hosts, this can use up all available virtual userspace |
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memory. The solution is to either run the emulator on a 64-bit host, |
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or limit the number of emulated CPUs to a reasonably low number. |
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.Pp |
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Note 2: SMP simulation is not working very well yet; multiple processors |
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are simulated, but synchronization between the processors does not map |
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very well to how real-world SMP systems work. |
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.It Fl O |
.It Fl O |
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Force a "netboot" (tftp instead of disk), even when a disk image is |
Force a "netboot" (tftp instead of disk), even when a disk image is |
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present (for DECstation, SGI, and ARC emulation). |
present (for DECstation, SGI, and ARC emulation). |
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.Ar arg |
.Ar arg |
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for DEC is "-a", for ARC/SGI it is "-aN", and for CATS it is "-A". |
for DEC is "-a", for ARC/SGI it is "-aN", and for CATS it is "-A". |
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.It Fl p Ar pc |
.It Fl p Ar pc |
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Add a breakpoint. (Remember to use the "0x" prefix for hex.) |
Add a breakpoint. |
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.Ar pc |
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can be a symbol, or a numeric value. (Remember to use the "0x" prefix for |
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hexadecimal values.) |
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.It Fl Q |
.It Fl Q |
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Disable the built-in PROM emulation. This is useful for running raw ROM |
Disable the built-in (software-only) PROM emulation. This option is useful |
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images from real machines. |
for experimenting with running raw ROM images from real machines. The default |
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behaviour of the emulator is to "fake" certain PROM calls used by guest |
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operating systems (e.g. NetBSD), so that no real PROM image is needed. |
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.It Fl R |
.It Fl R |
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Use a random bootstrap cpu, instead of CPU nr 0. (For SMP experiments.) |
Use a random bootstrap cpu, instead of CPU nr 0. (This option is only |
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meaningful together with the |
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.Fl n |
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option.) |
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.It Fl r |
.It Fl r |
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Dump register contents for every executed instruction. |
Dump register contents for every executed instruction. |
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.It Fl S |
.It Fl S |
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Initialize the emulated RAM to random data, instead of zeroes. |
Initialize emulated RAM to random data, instead of zeroes. This option |
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.It Fl T |
is useful when trying to trigger bugs in a program that occur because the |
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Enter the single-step debugger on unimplemented memory accesses. |
program assumed that uninitialized memory contains zeros. (Use with |
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care.) |
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.It Fl s Ar flags:filename |
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Gather statistics based on the current emulated program counter value, |
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while the program executes. The statistics is actually just a raw dump of |
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all program counter values in sequence, suitable for post-analysis with |
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separate tools. Output is appended to |
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.Ar filename. |
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.Pp |
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The |
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.Ar flags |
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should include one or more of the following type specifiers: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
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.It v |
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Virtual. This means that the program counter value is used. |
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.It p |
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Physical. This means that the physical address of where the program |
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is actually running is used. |
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.It i |
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Instruction call. This type of statistics gathering is practically only |
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useful during development of the emulator itself. The output is a list of |
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addresses of instruction call functions (ic->f), which after some |
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post-processing can be used as a basis for deciding when to implement |
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instruction combinations. |
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.El |
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.Pp |
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The |
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.Ar flags |
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may also include the following optional modifiers: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
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.It d |
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Disabled at startup. |
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.It o |
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Overwrite the file, instead of appending to it. |
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.El |
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.Pp |
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.\" Statistics gathering can be enabled/disabled at runtime by using the |
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.\" "TODO" debugger command. |
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.\" .Pp |
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When gathering instruction statistics using the |
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.Fl s |
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option, instruction combinations are always disabled (i.e. |
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an implicit |
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.Fl J |
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is added to the command line). |
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.Pp |
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If a value is missing (e.g. the end-of-page slot does not really have a |
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known physical address), it is written out as just a dash ("-"). |
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.It Fl t |
.It Fl t |
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Show a trace tree of all function calls being made. |
Show a trace tree of all function calls being made. |
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.It Fl U |
.It Fl U |
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Enable slow_serial_interrupts_hack_for_linux. |
Enable slow_serial_interrupts_hack_for_linux. |
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.It Fl X |
.It Fl X |
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Use X11. |
Use X11. This option enables graphical framebuffers. |
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.It Fl x |
.It Fl x |
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Open up new xterms for emulated serial ports. (Default is to open up |
Open up new xterms for emulated serial ports. The default behaviour is to |
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xterms when using configuration files, but not when starting an |
open up xterms when using configuration files, or if X11 is enabled. When |
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emulation with settings directly on the command line.) |
starting up a simple emulation session with settings directly on the |
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command line, and neither |
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.Fl X |
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nor |
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.Fl x |
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is used, then all output is confined to the terminal that |
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.Nm |
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started in. |
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.It Fl Y Ar n |
.It Fl Y Ar n |
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Scale down framebuffer windows by |
Scale down framebuffer windows by |
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.Ar n |
.Ar n |
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.Ar -2 |
.Ar -2 |
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with VGA text mode emulation will result in 80x25 character cells rendered |
with VGA text mode emulation will result in 80x25 character cells rendered |
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in a 1280x800 window, instead of the normal resolution of 640x400. |
in a 1280x800 window, instead of the normal resolution of 640x400. |
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.It Fl y Ar x |
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Set max_random_cycles_per_chunk to |
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.Ar x |
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(experimental). |
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.It Fl Z Ar n |
.It Fl Z Ar n |
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Set the number of graphics cards, for emulating a dual-head or tripple-head |
Set the number of graphics cards, for emulating a dual-head or tripple-head |
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environment. (Only for DECstation emulation so far.) |
environment. (Only for DECstation emulation so far.) |
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as an X11 display to use for framebuffers. |
as an X11 display to use for framebuffers. |
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.El |
.El |
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.Pp |
.Pp |
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Userland options: |
.\" Userland options: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
.\" .Bl -tag -width Ds |
358 |
.It Fl u Ar emul-mode |
.\" .It Fl u Ar emul-mode |
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Userland-only (syscall) emulation. (Use |
.\" Userland-only (syscall) emulation. (Use |
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.Fl H |
.\" .Fl H |
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to get a list of available emulation modes.) Some (but not all) of the |
.\" to get a list of available emulation modes.) Some (but not all) of the |
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options listed under Other options above can also be used with userland |
.\" options listed under Other options above can also be used with |
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emulation. |
.\" userland emulation. |
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.El |
.\" .El |
365 |
.Pp |
.\" .Pp |
366 |
General options: |
General options: |
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.Bl -tag -width Ds |
.Bl -tag -width Ds |
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.It Fl c Ar cmd |
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Add |
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.Ar cmd |
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as a command to run before starting the simulation. A similar effect can |
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be achieved by using the |
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.Fl V |
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option, and entering the commands manually. |
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.It Fl D |
.It Fl D |
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Guarantee fully deterministic behavior. Normally, the emulator calls |
Guarantee fully deterministic behavior. Normally, the emulator calls |
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srandom() with a seed based on the current time at startup. When the |
srandom() with a seed based on the current time at startup. When the |
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emulation modes. (Most of these don't work. Please read the documentation |
emulation modes. (Most of these don't work. Please read the documentation |
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included in the |
included in the |
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.Nm |
.Nm |
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distribution for details on which modes that actually work.) |
distribution for details on which modes that actually work. Userland |
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emulation is not included in stable release builds, since it doesn't work |
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yet.) |
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.It Fl h |
.It Fl h |
394 |
Display a list of all available command line options. |
Display a list of all available command line options. |
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.It Fl K |
.It Fl K |
396 |
Force the single-step debugger to be entered at the end of a simulation. |
Force the single-step debugger to be entered at the end of a simulation. |
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.It Fl q |
.It Fl q |
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Quiet mode; this suppresses startup messages. |
Quiet mode; this suppresses startup messages. |
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.It Fl s |
.\".It Fl s |
400 |
For MIPS emulation: Show opcode usage statistics after the simulation. |
.\"For MIPS emulation: Show opcode usage statistics after the simulation. |
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For non-MIPS emulation (i.e. using dyntrans): Save statistics to a file at |
.\"For non-MIPS emulation (i.e. using dyntrans): Save statistics to a file |
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regular intervals of which physical addresses that were executed. |
.\"at regular intervals of which physical addresses that were executed. |
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.It Fl V |
.It Fl V |
404 |
Start up in the single-step debugger, paused. |
Start up in the single-step debugger, paused. |
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.It Fl v |
.It Fl v |
406 |
Verbose debug messages. |
Increase verbosity (show more debug messages). This option can be used |
407 |
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multiple times. |
408 |
.El |
.El |
409 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
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Configuration file startup: |
Configuration file startup: |
440 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
441 |
.Dl "gxemul -E testmips -V hello_mips" |
.Dl "gxemul -E testmips -V hello_mips" |
442 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
443 |
(Paused mode means that you enter the interactive single-step debugger |
Paused mode means that you enter the interactive single-step debugger |
444 |
directly at startup, instead of launching the Hello World program.) |
directly at startup, instead of launching the Hello World program. |
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.Pp |
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The paused mode is also what should be used when running "unknown" files |
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for the first time in the emulator. E.g. if you have a binary which you |
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think is some kind of MIPS ROM image, then you can try the following: |
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.Pp |
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.Dl "gxemul -vv -E baremips -V 0xbfc00000:image.raw" |
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.Pp |
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You can then use the single-stepping functionality of the built-in |
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debugger to run the code in the ROM image, to see how it behaves. Based on |
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that, you can deduce what machine type it was actually from (the |
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baremips machine is not a real machine), and perhaps try again with |
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another emulation mode. |
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.Pp |
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In general, however, real ROM images require much more emulation detail |
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than GXemul provides, so they can usually not run. |
460 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
461 |
Please read the documentation for more details. |
Please read the documentation for more details. |
462 |
.Sh BUGS |
.Sh BUGS |
463 |
There are many bugs. Some of the known bugs are listed in the BUGS |
There are many bugs. Some of the known bugs are mentioned in the TODO |
464 |
file in the |
file in the |
465 |
.Nm |
.Nm |
466 |
source distribution, some are indirectly mentioned in the TODO file, |
source distribution, some are marked as TODO in the source code itself. |
|
and some are mentioned in the source code itself. |
|
|
.Pp |
|
|
The binary translation subsystem is really terrible, but it is less |
|
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terrible than running without it. |
|
467 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
468 |
Userland (syscall-only) emulation doesn't really work yet. |
Userland (syscall-only) emulation doesn't really work yet. |
469 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
470 |
Emulation of MIPS CPUs is done differently from other emulation modes; the |
The documentation sometimes only reflects the way things worked with |
471 |
documentation sometimes only reflects the way things work with MIPS |
the old MIPS emulation mode (prior to 0.4.0), and it is incorrect when |
472 |
emulation, and it is incorrect when applied to e.g. ARM emulation. |
applied to current releases. |
473 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
474 |
.Nm |
.Nm |
475 |
does not simulate individual pipe-line stages or penalties caused by |
is in general not cycle-accurate; it does not simulate individual |
476 |
branch-prediction misses or cache misses, so it cannot be used for |
pipe-line stages or penalties caused by branch-prediction misses or |
477 |
accurate simulation of any actual real-world processor. |
cache misses, so it cannot be used for accurate simulation of any actual |
478 |
|
real-world processor. |
479 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
480 |
.Nm |
.Nm |
481 |
is not timing-accurate. |
is not timing-accurate, i.e. clocks inside the emulator are in general |
482 |
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not at all synched with clocks in the real world. There are a few |
483 |
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exceptions to this rule (the mc146818 device tries to automagically |
484 |
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adjust emulated timer ticks to actual emulation speed). |
485 |
.Sh AUTHOR |
.Sh AUTHOR |
486 |
Anders Gavare <anders@gavare.se> |
GXemul is Copyright (C) 2003-2006 Anders Gavare <anders@gavare.se> |
487 |
.Pp |
.Pp |
488 |
See http://gavare.se/gxemul/ for more information. |
See http://gavare.se/gxemul/ for more information. For other Copyright |
489 |
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messages, see the corresponding parts of the source code and/or |
490 |
|
documentation. |