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1  <html>  <html><head><title>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Experimenting with GXemul</title>
2  <head><title>GXemul documentation: Experimenting with GXemul</title>  <meta name="robots" content="noarchive,nofollow,noindex"></head>
 </head>  
3  <body bgcolor="#f8f8f8" text="#000000" link="#4040f0" vlink="#404040" alink="#ff0000">  <body bgcolor="#f8f8f8" text="#000000" link="#4040f0" vlink="#404040" alink="#ff0000">
4  <table border=0 width=100% bgcolor="#d0d0d0"><tr>  <table border=0 width=100% bgcolor="#d0d0d0"><tr>
5  <td width=100% align=center valign=center><table border=0 width=100%><tr>  <td width=100% align=center valign=center><table border=0 width=100%><tr>
6  <td align="left" valign=center bgcolor="#d0efff"><font color="#6060e0" size="6">  <td align="left" valign=center bgcolor="#d0efff"><font color="#6060e0" size="6">
7  <b>GXemul documentation:</b></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  <b>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font>
8  <font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Experimenting with GXemul</b>  <font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Experimenting with GXemul</b>
9  </font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>  </font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
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10    
11  <!--  <!--
12    
13  $Id: experiments.html,v 1.60 2005/04/16 00:29:45 debug Exp $  $Id: experiments.html,v 1.92 2005/09/18 19:54:12 debug Exp $
14    
15  Copyright (C) 2003-2005  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.  Copyright (C) 2003-2005  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.
16    
# Line 51  SUCH DAMAGE. Line 48  SUCH DAMAGE.
48  <ul>  <ul>
49    <li><a href="#hello">Hello world</a>    <li><a href="#hello">Hello world</a>
50    <li><a href="#expdevices">Experimental devices</a>    <li><a href="#expdevices">Experimental devices</a>
   <li><a href="#experiments">Experiments with other kernels and guest OSes</a>  
51  </ul>  </ul>
52    
53    
# Line 74  that you do two things: Line 70  that you do two things:
70  </ul>  </ul>
71    
72  <p>  <p>
 The emulator has several modes where it doesn't emulate any real machine.  
 It can either run in "bare" mode, where no devices are included by default  
 (just the CPU), or in a "test" mode where some simple devices are  
 emulated.  
   
 <p>  
73  <table border="0"><tr><td width="40">&nbsp;</td><td>  <table border="0"><tr><td width="40">&nbsp;</td><td>
74  <pre>  <pre>
75  <font color=#f00000>/*  Hello world for GXemul  */  <font color=#f00000>/*  Hello world for GXemul  */
# Line 113  emulated. Line 103  emulated.
103  </font></pre>  </font></pre>
104  </td></tr></table>  </td></tr></table>
105    
106  This hello world program is available here as well:  <p>(This hello world program is available here as well:
107  <a href="hello_mips.c">hello_mips.c</a>  <a href="hello_mips.c"><tt>hello_mips.c</tt></a>)
108  <p>  
109  I recommend that you build a GCC cross compiler for the  <p>I recommend that you build a GCC cross compiler for the
110  <b>mips64-unknown-elf</b> target, and install it. Other compilers could  <b>mips64-unknown-elf</b> target, and install it. Other compilers could
111  work too, but GCC is good because of its portability. Then try to compile  work too, but GCC is good because of its portability. Then try to compile
112  the hello world program:  and link the hello world program:
113  <pre>  <pre>
114          $ <b>mips64-unknown-elf-gcc -O2 hello_mips.c -mips4 -mabi=64 -c</b>          $ <b>mips64-unknown-elf-gcc -O2 hello_mips.c -mips4 -mabi=64 -c</b>
115          $ <b>mips64-unknown-elf-ld -Ttext 0xa800000000030000 -e f hello_mips.o -o hello_mips --oformat=elf64-bigmips</b>          $ <b>mips64-unknown-elf-ld -Ttext 0xa800000000030000 -e f hello_mips.o -o hello_mips --oformat=elf64-bigmips</b>
# Line 175  learn more about how MIPS programs run, Line 165  learn more about how MIPS programs run,
165          a800000000030038: 00021600      sll     v0,v0,24          a800000000030038: 00021600      sll     v0,v0,24
166          GXemul&gt; <b>print v0</b>          GXemul&gt; <b>print v0</b>
167          v0 = 0x0000000048000000          v0 = 0x0000000048000000
168          GXemul&gt; <b><blink>_</blink></b>          GXemul&gt; <b>_</b>
169  </pre>  </pre>
170    
171  <p>  <p>The syntax of the single-step debugger shouldn't be too hard to grasp.
172  The syntax of the single-step debugger shouldn't be too hard to grasp.  Type "<tt>s</tt>" to single-step one instruction. For some commands (e.g.
173  Type 's' to single-step one instruction. Just pressing enter after that  the single-step command), just pressing enter on a blank line will cause
174  will repeat the 's' command. Type 'quit' to quit.  the last command to be repeated. Type "<tt>quit</tt>" to quit.
175    
176  <p>  <p>
177  Hopefully this is enough to get you inspired. :-)  Hopefully this is enough to get you inspired. :-)
178    
179    
180    
 <p><br>  
 <h4>Hello World for GXemul's PPC mode</h4>  
   
 GXemul also has an experimental PowerPC emulation mode.  
 <a href="hello_ppc.c">hello_ppc.c</a> is similar to hello_mips.c, but  
 should be compiled and run as follows:  
 <p>  
 <pre>  
         $ <b>ppc-unknown-elf-gcc -O2 hello_ppc.c -c</b>  
         $ <b>ppc-unknown-elf-ld -e f hello_ppc.o -o hello_ppc</b>  
         $ <b>file hello_ppc</b>  
         hello_ppc: ELF 32-bit MSB executable, PowerPC or cisco 4500,  
           version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, not stripped  
         $ <b>gxemul -q -E testppc hello_ppc</b>  
         Hello world  
 </pre>  
   
 <p>  
 [&nbsp;2005-02-18: I haven't yet been able to build a GCC for ppc64 (only the  
 binutils toolchain), because the gcc sources seem to include Linux header files  
 that aren't present on my FreeBSD system. 32-bit PPC works ok, though.&nbsp;]  
   
   
   
181    
182    
183    
# Line 219  that aren't present on my FreeBSD system Line 185  that aren't present on my FreeBSD system
185  <a name="expdevices"></a>  <a name="expdevices"></a>
186  <h3>Experimental devices:</h3>  <h3>Experimental devices:</h3>
187    
188  The "test" MIPS machine has the following experimental devices:  The emulator has several modes where it doesn't emulate any real machine.
189    It can either run in "bare" mode, where no devices are included by default
190    (just the CPU), or in a "test" mode where some simple devices are
191    emulated.
192    
193    <p>The test machines (<tt>testmips</tt>, <tt>testppc</tt>, etc) have the
194    following experimental devices:
195    
196  <p>  <p>
197  <center><table border="0" width="80%">  <center><table border="0" width="80%">
198    
199    <tr>    <tr>
200      <td align="left" valign="top" width="200">      <td align="left" valign="top" width="200">
201          <b>cons:</b>          <b><tt>cons</tt>:</b>
202          <p>This is a simple console device, for writing          <p>A simple console device, for writing
203          characters to the controlling terminal.          characters to the controlling terminal
204          <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">devices/dev_cons.c</font>          and receiving keypresses.
205            <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0"><tt>src/devices/dev_cons.c</tt></font>
206          <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x10000000</font>          <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x10000000</font>
207      </td>      </td>
208      <td align="left" valign="top" width="25">&nbsp;</td>      <td align="left" valign="top" width="25">&nbsp;</td>
# Line 240  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin Line 213  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin
213              <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>
214            </tr>            </tr>
215            <tr>            <tr>
216              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0000</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x00</tt></td>
217              <td align="left" valign="top">              <td align="left" valign="top">
218                  Read: <b>getchar()</b> (non-blocking)<br>                  Read: <b><tt>getchar()</tt></b> (non-blocking; returns
219                  Write: <b>putchar(ch)</b></td>                  <tt>0</tt> if no char was available)<br>
220                    Write: <b><tt>putchar(ch)</tt></b></td>
221            </tr>            </tr>
222            <tr>            <tr>
223              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0010</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x10</tt></td>
224              <td align="left" valign="top">Read or write: <b>halt()</b><br>              <td align="left" valign="top">Read or write: <b><tt>halt()</tt></b><br>
225                  (Useful for exiting the emulator.)</td>                  (Useful for exiting the emulator.)</td>
226            </tr>            </tr>
227          </table>          </table>
# Line 260  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin Line 234  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin
234    
235    <tr>    <tr>
236      <td align="left" valign="top">      <td align="left" valign="top">
237          <b>mp:</b>          <b><tt>mp</tt>:</b>
238          <p>This device controls the behaviour of CPUs in an emulated          <p>This device controls the behaviour of CPUs in an emulated
239          multi-processor system.          multi-processor system.
240          <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">devices/dev_mp.c</font>          <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0"><tt>src/devices/dev_mp.c</tt></font>
241          <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x11000000</font>          <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x11000000</font>
242      </td>      </td>
243      <td></td>      <td></td>
# Line 274  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin Line 248  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin
248              <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>
249            </tr>            </tr>
250            <tr>            <tr>
251              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0000</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0000</tt></td>
252              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b>whoami()</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b><tt>whoami()</tt></b>.
253                  Returns the id of the CPU doing the read.</td>                  Returns the id of the CPU doing the read.</td>
254            </tr>            </tr>
255            <tr>            <tr>
256              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0010</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0010</tt></td>
257              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b>ncpus()</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b><tt>ncpus()</tt></b>.
258                  Returns the number of CPUs in the system.</td>                  Returns the number of CPUs in the system.</td>
259            </tr>            </tr>
260            <tr>            <tr>
261              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0020</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0020</tt></td>
262              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b>startupcpu(i)</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>startupcpu(i)</tt></b>.
263                  Starts CPU i. It begins execution at the address                  Starts CPU i. It begins execution at the address
264                  set by a write to startupaddr (see below).</td>                  set by a write to startupaddr (see below).</td>
265            </tr>            </tr>
266            <tr>            <tr>
267              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0030</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0030</tt></td>
268              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b>startupaddr(addr)</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>startupaddr(addr)</tt></b>.
269                  Sets the starting address for CPUs.</td>                  Sets the starting address for CPUs.</td>
270            </tr>            </tr>
271            <tr>            <tr>
272              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0040</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0040</tt></td>
273              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b>pause_addr(addr)</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>pause_addr(addr)</tt></b>.
274                  Sets the pause address. (TODO: This is not                  Sets the pause address. (TODO: This is not
275                  used anymore?)</td>                  used anymore?)</td>
276            </tr>            </tr>
277            <tr>            <tr>
278              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0050</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0050</tt></td>
279              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b>pause_cpu(i)</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>pause_cpu(i)</tt></b>.
280                  Stops all CPUs <i>except</i> CPU i.</td>                  Stops all CPUs <i>except</i> CPU i.</td>
281            </tr>            </tr>
282            <tr>            <tr>
283              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0060</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0060</tt></td>
284              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b>unpause_cpu(i)</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>unpause_cpu(i)</tt></b>.
285                  Unpauses all CPUs <i>except</i> CPU i.</td>                  Unpauses all CPUs <i>except</i> CPU i.</td>
286            </tr>            </tr>
287            <tr>            <tr>
288              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0070</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0070</tt></td>
289              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b>startupstack(addr)</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>startupstack(addr)</tt></b>.
290                  Sets the startup stack address. (CPUs started with                  Sets the startup stack address. (CPUs started with
291                  startupcpu() above will have their stack pointer                  startupcpu() above will have their stack pointer
292                  set to this value.)</td>                  set to this value.)</td>
293            </tr>            </tr>
294            <tr>            <tr>
295              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0080</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0080</tt></td>
296              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b>hardware_random()</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b><tt>hardware_random()</tt></b>.
297                  This produces a "random" number.</td>                  This produces a "random" number.</td>
298            </tr>            </tr>
299            <tr>            <tr>
300              <td align="left" valign="top">0x0090</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0090</tt></td>
301              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b>memory()</b>.              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b><tt>memory()</tt></b>.
302                  Returns the number of bytes of RAM in the system.</td>                  Returns the number of bytes of RAM in the system.</td>
303            </tr>            </tr>
304              <tr>
305                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x00a0</tt></td>
306                <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>ipi_one((nr &lt;&lt; 16) + cpuid)</tt></b>.
307                    Sends IPI <tt>nr</tt> to a specific CPU.</td>
308              </tr>
309              <tr>
310                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x00b0</tt></td>
311                <td align="left" valign="top">Write: <b><tt>ipi_many((nr &lt;&lt; 16) + cpuid)</tt></b>.
312                    Sends IPI <tt>nr</tt> to all CPUs <i>except</i>
313                    the specified one.</td>
314              </tr>
315              <tr>
316                <td align="left" valign="top">0x00c0</tt></td>
317                <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b><tt>ipi_read()</tt></b>.
318                    Returns the next pending IPI. 0 is returned if there is no
319                    pending IPI (so 0 shouldn't be used for valid IPIs).
320                    Hardware int 6 is deasserted when the IPI queue is empty.
321                <br>Write: <b><tt>ipi_flush()</tt></b>.
322                    Clears the IPI queue, discarding any pending IPIs.</td>
323              </tr>
324              <tr>
325                <td align="left" valign="top">0x00d0</tt></td>
326                <td align="left" valign="top">Read: <b><tt>ncycles()</tt></b>.
327                    Returns approximately the number of cycles executed.
328                    Note: this value is not updated for every instruction,
329                    so it cannot be used for small measurements.</td>
330              </tr>
331          </table>          </table>
332      </td>      </td>
333    </tr>    </tr>
# Line 337  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin Line 338  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin
338    
339    <tr>    <tr>
340      <td align="left" valign="top">      <td align="left" valign="top">
341          <b>fb:</b>          <b><tt>fb</tt>:</b>
342          <p>A simple linear framebuffer, for graphics output.          <p>A simple linear framebuffer, for graphics output.
343          640 x 480 pixels, 3 bytes per pixel (red, green, blue, 8 bits each).          640 x 480 pixels, 3 bytes per pixel (red, green, blue, 8 bits each).
344          <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">devices/dev_fb.c</font>          <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0"><tt>src/devices/dev_fb.c</tt></font>
345          <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x12000000</font>          <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x12000000</font>
346      </td>      </td>
347      <td></td>      <td></td>
# Line 351  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin Line 352  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin
352              <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>
353            </tr>            </tr>
354            <tr>            <tr>
355              <td align="left" valign="top">...</td>              <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x00000-</tt><br><tt>0xe0fff</tt></td>
356              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: read pixel values.              <td align="left" valign="top">Read: read pixel values.
357                  <br>Write: write pixel values.</td>                  <br>Write: write pixel values.</td>
358            </tr>            </tr>
# Line 359  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin Line 360  The "test" MIPS machine has the followin
360      </td>      </td>
361    </tr>    </tr>
362    
363      <tr height="15">
364        <td height="15">&nbsp;</td>
365      </tr>
366    
367      <tr>
368        <td align="left" valign="top">
369            <b><tt>disk</tt>:</b>
370            <p>Disk controller, which can read from and write
371            to disk images. It does not use interrupts; read and
372            write operations finish instantaneously.
373            <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0"><tt>src/devices/dev_disk.c</tt></font>
374            <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x13000000</font>
375        </td>
376        <td></td>
377        <td align="left" valign="top">
378            <table border="0">
379              <tr>
380                <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Offset:</u></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
381                <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>
382              </tr>
383              <tr>
384                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0000</tt></td>
385                <td align="left" valign="top">Write: Set the offset (in bytes) from the beginning
386                    of the disk image. This offset will be used for the next read/write operation.</td>
387              </tr>
388              <tr>
389                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0010</tt></td>
390                <td align="left" valign="top">Write: Select the SCSI ID to be used in the next
391                    read/write operation.</td>
392              </tr>
393              <tr>
394                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0020</tt></td>
395                <td align="left" valign="top">Write: Start a read or write operation.
396                    (Writing <tt>0</tt> means a Read operation, a <tt>1</tt> means a
397                    Write operation.)</td>
398              </tr>
399              <tr>
400                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0030</tt></td>
401                <td align="left" valign="top">Read: Get status of the last operation.
402                    (Status 0 means failure, non-zero means success.)</td>
403              </tr>
404              <tr>
405                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x4000-</tt><br><tt>0x41ff</tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
406                <td align="left" valign="top">Read/Write: 512 bytes data buffer.</td>
407              </tr>
408            </table>
409        </td>
410      </tr>
411    
412      <tr height="15">
413        <td height="15">&nbsp;</td>
414      </tr>
415    
416      <tr>
417        <td align="left" valign="top">
418            <b><tt>ether</tt>:</b>
419            <p>A simple ethernet controller, enough to send
420            and receive packets on a simulated network.
421            <p>Source code:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0"><tt>src/devices/dev_ether.c</tt></font>
422            <br>Default physical address:&nbsp&nbsp;<font color="#0000f0">0x14000000</font>
423        </td>
424        <td></td>
425        <td align="left" valign="top">
426            <table border="0">
427              <tr>
428                <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Offset:</u></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
429                <td align="left" valign="top"><i><u>Effect:</u></i></td>
430              </tr>
431              <tr>
432                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x0000-</tt><br><tt>0x3fff</tt></td>
433                <td align="left" valign="top">Read/write buffer for the packet to be sent/received.</td>
434              </tr>
435              <tr>
436                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x4000</tt></td>
437                <td align="left" valign="top">Read: status word, one or more of these:
438                    <br><tt>0x01</tt>&nbsp;=&nbsp;something was received (because of
439                    the last command)
440                    <br><tt>0x02</tt>&nbsp;=&nbsp;more packets are available
441                    <br><i>NOTE:</i> Whenever the status word is non-zero,
442                            an interrupt is asserted. Reading the status word
443                            clears it, and deasserts the interrupt.</td>
444              </tr>
445              <tr>
446                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x4010</tt></td>
447                <td align="left" valign="top">Read: get the Length of the received packet
448                    <br>Write: set the Length of the next packet to transmit</td>
449              </tr>
450              <tr>
451                <td align="left" valign="top"><tt>0x4020</tt></td>
452                <td align="left" valign="top">Write: command:
453                    <br><tt>0x00:</tt>&nbsp;receive a packet
454                    <br><tt>0x01:</tt>&nbsp;send a packet</td>
455              </tr>
456            </table>
457        </td>
458      </tr>
459    
460  </table></center>  </table></center>
461    
462  <p>  <p>
# Line 366  While these devices may resemble real-wo Line 464  While these devices may resemble real-wo
464  intentionally made simpler to use. (An exception is the framebuffer;  intentionally made simpler to use. (An exception is the framebuffer;
465  some machines actually have simple linear framebuffers like this.)  some machines actually have simple linear framebuffers like this.)
466    
467  <p>  <p>If the physical address is <tt>0x10000000</tt>, then for MIPS that
468  If the physical address is 0x10000000, then for MIPS that means that it  means that it can be accessed at virtual address
469  can be accessed at virtual address 0xffffffffb0000000. (Actually it can be  <tt>0xffffffffb0000000</tt>. (Actually it can be accessed at
470  accessed at 0xffffffff90000000 too, but devices should usually be accessed  <tt>0xffffffff90000000</tt> too, but devices should usually be accessed in
471  in a non-cached manner.)  a non-cached manner.)
472    
473  <p>  <p> (When using the PPC test machine (<tt>testppc</tt>), the addresses are
474  (When using the PPC test machine, "testppc", the addresses are  <tt>0x10000000</tt>, <tt>0x11000000</tt> etc., so no need to add any
475  0x10000000, 0x11000000 etc., so no need to add any virtual displacement.)  virtual displacement.)
476    
477    <p>The <b><tt>mp</tt></b>, <b><tt>disk</tt></b>, and <b><tt>ether</tt></b>
478    devices are agnostic when it comes to word-length. For example, when
479    reading offset <tt>0x0000</tt> of the <b><tt>mp</tt></b>
480    device, you may use any kind of read (an 8-bit read will work just as well
481    as a 64-bit read, although the value will be truncated to 8 bits in the
482    first case). You can <i>not</i>, however, read one byte from <tt>0x0000</tt>
483    and one from <tt>0x0001</tt>, and combine the result. The read from
484    <tt>0x0001</tt> will be invalid.
485    
486    <p>The <b><tt>cons</tt></b> device should be accessed using 8-bit reads
487    and writes. Doing a getchar() (ie reading from offset <tt>0x00</tt>)  
488    returns <tt>0</tt> if no character was available.
489    
490    <p>On MIPS, the <b><tt>cons</tt></b> device is hardwired to interrupt 2
491    (the lowest hardware interrupt). Whenever a character is available, the
492    interrupt is asserted. When there are no more available characters, the
493    interrupt is deasserted. (Remember that the interrupt has to be enabled in
494    the status register of the system coprocessor.)
495    
496    <p>The <b><tt>ether</tt></b> device is hardwired to interrupt 3.
497    
498    <p>The IPIs controlled by the <b><tt>mp</tt></b> device are hardwired to
499    interrupt 6. Whenever an IPI is "sent", interrupt 6 is asserted on the
500    target CPU(s), and the IPI number is added last in the IPI queue for that
501    CPU. It is then up to that CPU to read from offset <tt>0x00c0</tt>, to
502    figure out what kind of IPI it was.
503    
504    <p>A simple tutorial on how to use the <tt>disk</tt> device, if not clear
505    from the description above, can be found here: <a
506    href="test_disk.c"><tt>test_disk.c</tt></a>
507    
 <p>  
 The <b>mp</b> device is agnostic when it comes to  
 word-length. For example, when reading offset 0x0000 of the <b>mp</b>  
 device, you may use any kind of read (an 8-bit read will work just as well  
 as a 64-bit read, although the value will be truncated to 8 bits in the  
 first case).  
508    
 <p>  
 The <b>cons</b> device should be accessed using 8-bit reads and writes.  
 Doing a getchar() (ie reading from offset 0x0000) returns 0x00 if no  
 character was available.  
509    
 <p>  
 On MIPS, the <b>cons</b> device is hardwired to interrupt 2 (the lowest  
 hardware interrupt). Whenever a character is available, the interrupt is  
 asserted. When there are no more available characters, the interrupt is  
 deasserted. (Remember that the interrupt has to be enabled in the status  
 register of the system coprocessor.)  
510    
511    
512    
513    
514    
515    
516  <p><br>  <!--
 <a name="experiments"></a>  
 <h3>Experiments with other kernels and guest OSes:</h3>  
   
 <p>  
 Operating system kernels and other test programs can be downloaded from  
 various places. Here are links to some of the kernels that I usually  
 experiment with.  
   
 <p>  
 <font color="#ff0000">  
 NOTE: This is <i>not</i> a list of kernels that work in the emulator.  
 It is a list of kernels that I experiment with.  
 </font>  
   
 <p>  
 For more information about which of these that actually work, read the  
 <a href="intro.html#guestos">section in the Introduction chapter</a>  
 that lists guest operating systems. If a system is not listed there, it  
 probably doesn't work in GXemul.  
517    
 <p>  
 <ul>  
   <li>DECstation:  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/">NetBSD/pmax</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.symbols.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.symbols.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip the files, and run the emulator with <b>-E dec -e 3max -q -N -XY2</b>  
         for a graphical framebuffer console. Remove <b>-XY2</b> and <b>-N</b> to use serial (stdin/stdout) console.  
         Read <a href="guestoses.html#netbsdinstall">this section</a> about how to install NetBSD/pmax onto a harddisk image.  
       <p>  
       <li><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/pmax.html">OpenBSD/pmax</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/bsd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/bsd</a>  
         <br>This is an old OpenBSD kernel in a.out format. Try <b>-E dec -e 3max</b>.  
         <br>Read <a href="guestoses.html#openbsdinstall">this section</a> about how to install OpenBSD/pmax onto a harddisk image.  
         It's a bit more complicated than installing NetBSD/pmax, but might work.  
       <p>  
       <li>Linux for DECstation:  
         <br>Here is a Debian package containing a Linux 2.4.26 kernel for  
                 DECstation which supports framebuffer!  
         <br><a href="http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/k/kernel-patch-2.4.26-mips/kernel-image-2.4.26-r3k-kn02_2.4.26-0.040505.1_mipsel.deb">http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/k/kernel-patch-2.4.26-mips/  
         <br>kernel-image-2.4.26-r3k-kn02_2.4.26-0.040505.1_mipsel.deb</a>  
         <br>Run the following commands to extract the kernel:<pre>  
         <b>ar x kernel-image-2.4.26-r3k-kn02_2.4.26-0.040505.1_mipsel.deb data.tar.gz</b>  
         <b>tar xfzv data.tar.gz ./boot/vmlinux-2.4.26-r3k-kn02</b>  
         <b>mv boot/vmlinux-* .; rmdir boot</b>  
 </pre>  
         <br>To try with the framebuffer: <b>-E dec -e 3max -X vmlinux-2.4.26-r3k-kn02</b>  
         <br>To try with serial console: <b>-E dec -e 3max -o 'console=ttyS3' vmlinux-2.4.26-r3k-kn02</b>  
         <br>Read <a href="guestoses.html#declinux">this section</a> about how to run a Debian Linux install kernel.  
         <br>Here are some older kernels (these don't support framebuffer, I think):  
                 <a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~vhouten/mipsel/kernels.html">http://www.xs4all.nl/~vhouten/mipsel/kernels.html</a>  
         <br>Note: Make sure you add <b>-CR4400</b> to the command line for  
                 R4000 kernels, as Linux doesn't autodetect CPU type at runtime.  
       <p>  
       <li>Sprite:  
         <br>The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS, <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">www.tuhs.org</a>)  
                 has preserved a copy of a harddisk image for a DECstation 5000/200:  
                 <a href="http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/">http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite</a>/<a href="http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt">ds5000.bt</a>  
         <br>(MD5 (ds5000.bt) = ec84eeeb20fe77b758370d5e312e4a5e)  
         <br>Read <a href="guestoses.html#sprite">this section</a> for more information  
                 about running this harddisk image in the emulator.  
       <p>  
518        <li><a href="http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html">Mach</a>:        <li><a href="http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html">Mach</a>:
519          <br>Important! Run <b>./configure --caches; make</b>          <br>Important! Run <b><tt>./configure --caches; make</tt></b>
520            <br>Also important: This is broken right now. :-(
521          <br>Download <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release</a>/<a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">pmax.tar.Z</a>          <br>Download <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release</a>/<a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">pmax.tar.Z</a>
522          <br>tar xfvz pmax.tar.Z pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY          <br><tt><b>tar xfvz pmax.tar.Z pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b></tt>
523          <br><b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -X pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>          <br><tt><b>gxemul -e 3max -X pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b></tt>
524      </ul>      </ul>
525    </li>    </li>
526    
527    <p>    <p>
528    
529    <li>SGI:    <li>SGI:
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sgimips/">NetBSD/sgimips</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</a>  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.symbols.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.symbols.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try running with <b>-E sgi -e ip32</b>.  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP2x.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP2x.gz</a>  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP2x.symbols.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP2x.symbols.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try running with <b>-E sgi -e ip22</b> (or <b>-e ip24</b> or <b>-e ip20</b>).  
       <p>  
530        <li>Linux/SGI:        <li>Linux/SGI:
531          <br>Some kernels are available here: <a href="http://www.linux-mips.org/~glaurung/">http://www.linux-mips.org/~glaurung/</a>          <br>Some kernels are available here: <a href="http://www.linux-mips.org/~glaurung/">http://www.linux-mips.org/~glaurung/</a>
532          <br>Try running with <b>-E sgi -e ip32 -X</b> for a graphical framebuffer, or          <br>Try running with <b><tt>-e ip32 -X</tt></b> for a graphical framebuffer, or
533                  <b>-E sgi -e ip32 -o 'console=ttyS0'</b> for serial console.                  <b><tt>-e ip32 -o 'console=ttyS0'</tt></b> for serial console.
534          <br>Adding -b (bintrans) might work sometimes.          <br>Adding <b><tt>-b</tt></b> (bintrans) might work sometimes.
535          <br>(You need to add <b>-CR5000</b> if you're trying to run          <br>(You need to add <b><tt>-CR5000</tt></b> if you're trying to run
536                  a kernel compiled for R5000, because Linux                  a kernel compiled for R5000, because Linux doesn't autodetect
537                  doesn't autodetect CPU at runtime.)                  the CPU type at runtime.)
538          <br>Also: <a href="http://www.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/">http://www.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels</a>/<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/vmlinux64-2.6.8.1-IP32">vmlinux64-2.6.8.1-IP32</a>          <br>Also: <a href="http://www.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/">http://www.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels</a>/<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/vmlinux64-2.6.8.1-IP32">vmlinux64-2.6.8.1-IP32</a>
539          <br>Try <b>-E sgi -e ip32 -b -X -CR5000 vmlinux64-2.6.8.1-IP32</b>.          <br>Try <b><tt>-e ip32 -X -CR5000 vmlinux64-2.6.8.1-IP32</tt></b>.
540          <br>And also some IP27 kernels:          <br>And also some IP27 kernels:
541                  <a href="http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040428">http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040428</a>                  <a href="http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040428">http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040428</a>
542                  and                  and
543                  <a href="http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040528.bz2">http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040528.bz2</a>                  <a href="http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040528.bz2">http://www.total-knowledge.com/progs/mips/kernels/vmlinux.ip27-20040528.bz2</a>
544                  (but unfortunately these lack symbols).                  (but unfortunately these lack symbols).
545          <br>Try the IP27 kernels with <b>-E sgi -e ip27 -t</b>.          <br>Try the IP27 kernels with <b><tt>-e ip27 -t</tt></b>.
546        <p>        <p>
547        <li><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/sgi.html">OpenBSD/sgi</a>:        <li><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/sgi.html">OpenBSD/sgi</a>:
548          <br>Snapshots can be found at <a href="ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/sgi/">ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/sgi/</a>.          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd.rd">ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd.rd</a>
549          <br>Try <b>gxemul -b -E sgi -e ip32 bsd.rd</b>          <br>More recent snapshots can be found at <a href="ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/sgi/">ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/sgi/</a>.
550            <br>Try <b><tt>gxemul -e ip32 bsd.rd</tt></b>
551        <p>        <p>
552        <li><a href="http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/mips.html">FreeBSD/MIPS</a>:        <li><a href="http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/mips.html">FreeBSD/MIPS</a>:
553                  I don't think public binary snapshots are available yet.                  I don't think public binary snapshots are available yet.
# Line 511  probably doesn't work in GXemul. Line 555  probably doesn't work in GXemul.
555        <li>arcdiag:        <li>arcdiag:
556          <br>The NetBSD people have also made available an "arcdiag" for SGI-IP22:          <br>The NetBSD people have also made available an "arcdiag" for SGI-IP22:
557          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/sgimips/arcdiag.ip22">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/sgimips/arcdiag.ip22</a>          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/sgimips/arcdiag.ip22">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/sgimips/arcdiag.ip22</a>
558          <br>Try running <b>gxemul -E sgi -e ip22 -x arcdiag.ip22</b>.          <br>Try running <tt><b>gxemul -e ip22 -x arcdiag.ip22</b></tt>.
559      </ul>      </ul>
560    </li>    </li>
561    
   <p>  
562    
563    <li>ARC:    <li>ARC:
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/arc/">NetBSD/arc</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-RAMDISK.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-RAMDISK.gz</a>  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-RAMDISK.symbols.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-RAMDISK.symbols.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try with <b>-E arc -e rd94</b>.  
         <br>(You may also try other ARC models.)  
         <br>Read <a href="guestoses.html#netbsdarcinstall">this section</a> about how  
                 to install NetBSD/arc onto a harddisk image.  
       <p>  
       <li><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">OpenBSD/arc</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/bsd.rd.elf">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/bsd.rd.elf</a>  
         <br>Try running with <b>-X -E arc -e pica</b> or <b>-X -E arc -e tyne</b>.  
         <br>Read <a href="guestoses.html#openbsdarcinstall">this section</a> about how  
                 to install OpenBSD/arc onto a harddisk image.  
       <p>  
564        <li>Linux:        <li>Linux:
565          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/boot/vmlinux-m700-2.1.131.gz">ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/boot/vmlinux-m700-2.1.131.gz</a>          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/boot/vmlinux-m700-2.1.131.gz">ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/boot/vmlinux-m700-2.1.131.gz</a>
566          <br>gunzip, and run with <b>-v -J -X -N -E arc -e m700</b> (Olivetti M700)          <br>gunzip, and run with <b><tt>-v -J -X -N -e m700</tt></b> (Olivetti M700)
567            <br>(This probably doesn't work anymore.)
568        <p>        <p>
569        <li>Pandora:        <li>Pandora:
570          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/ancient/milo/">ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/ancient/milo</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/ancient/milo/milo-0.27.1.tar.gz">milo-0.27.1.tar.gz</a>          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/ancient/milo/">ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/ancient/milo</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/ancient/milo/milo-0.27.1.tar.gz">milo-0.27.1.tar.gz</a>
571          <br>A generic test/diagnostics program for ARC-based machines.          <br>A generic test/diagnostics program for ARC-based machines.
572          <br>Run with <b>-E arc -e r94 milo-0.27.1/pandora</b>          <br>Run with <b><tt>-e r94 milo-0.27.1/pandora</tt></b>
573        <p>        <p>
574        <li>arcdiag:        <li>arcdiag:
575          <br>Precompiled binary:<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/arc/arcdiag">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/arc/arcdiag</a>          <br>Precompiled binary:<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/arc/arcdiag">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/arc/arcdiag</a>
576          <br>(alternative: <a href="http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag">http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag</a>)          <br>(alternative: <a href="http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag">http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag</a>)
577          <br>A generic test/diagnostics program for ARC-based machines.          <br>A generic test/diagnostics program for ARC-based machines.
578          <br>Run with <b>-E arc -e pica arcdiag</b> (or some other ARC mode).          <br>Run with <b><tt>-e pica arcdiag</tt></b> (or some other ARC mode).
579          <br>Example arcdiag output (from real machines):          <br>Example arcdiag output (from real machines):
580          <br><a href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/18/0001.html">http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/18/0001.html</a> (Olivetti M700-10)          <br><a href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/18/0001.html">http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/18/0001.html</a> (Olivetti M700-10)
581          <br><a href="http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag.txt">http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag.txt</a> (PICA-61)          <br><a href="http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag.txt">http://www.sensi.org/~alec/mips/arcdiag.txt</a> (PICA-61)
582          <br><a href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/14/0000.html">http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/14/0000.html</a> (Deskstation Tyne)          <br><a href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/14/0000.html">http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2000/10/14/0000.html</a> (Deskstation Tyne)
583          <br><a href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2004/02/01/0001.html">http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2004/02/01/0001.html</a> (NEC RISCserver 4200)          <br><a href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2004/02/01/0001.html">http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arc/2004/02/01/0001.html</a> (NEC RISCserver 4200)
584          <br><a href="http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/NetBSD/misc/chs/arcdiag.out">http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/NetBSD/misc/chs/arcdiag.out</a> (NEC-R96)          <br><a href="http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/NetBSD/misc/chs/arcdiag.out">http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/NetBSD/misc/chs/arcdiag.out</a> (NEC-R96)
585            <br>For some machines, such as <tt><b>-e pica</b></tt>, you can
586                    add <b><tt>-X</tt></b> to boot with a graphical VGA-style
587                    console. This however is probably a bit unstable and/or
588                    broken right now.
589          <p>
590          <li>Windows NT:
591            <br>Put a "Windows NT 4.0 for MIPS" CDROM (or similar) into
592                    your CDROM drive. (On FreeBSD systems, it is usually called
593                    /dev/cd0c or similar. Change that to whatever the CDROM
594                    is called on your system, or the name of a raw .iso image.)
595            <br>I have tried this with the Swedish version, but it might
596                    work with other versions too.<pre>
597            $ <b><tt>dd if=/dev/zero of=winnt_test.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</tt></b>
598            $ <b><tt>gxemul -X -e pica -d winnt_test.img -d bc6:/dev/cd0c -j MIPS\\ARCINST</tt></b>
599            $ <b><tt>gxemul -X -e pica -d winnt_test.img -d bc6:/dev/cd0c -j MIPS\\SETUPLDR</tt></b>
600    </pre>  <br><tt>ARCINST</tt> tries to prepare the disk image for installation. (It <i>almost</i> works.)
601            <br><tt>SETUPLDR</tt> should load some drivers from the cdrom, but then it crashes with a bluescreen.
602      </ul>      </ul>
603    </li>    </li>
604    
605    <p>    <p>
606    
607    <li>HPCmips:    <li>HPCmips:
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/hpcmips/">NetBSD/hpcmips</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/installation/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/installation</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/installation/netbsd.gz">netbsd.gz</a>  
         <br>Try <b>gxemul -X -b -E hpc -e mobilepro770 netbsd</b>  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>  
         <br>Try <b>gxemul -X -b -E hpc -e mobilepro770 netbsd-GENERIC</b>  
       <p>  
608        <li>Linux for BE300:        <li>Linux for BE300:
609          <br><a href="http://www.linux4.be/2004/linux4be20040908.zip">http://www.linux4.be/2004/linux4be20040908.zip</a>          <br><a href="http://www.linux4.be/2004/linux4be20040908.zip">http://www.linux4.be/2004/linux4be20040908.zip</a>
610          <br>Try <b>gxemul -X -b -E hpc -e be300 vmlinux</b>          <br>Try <b><tt>gxemul -X -e be300 vmlinux</tt></b>
611        <p>        <p>
612        <li>Linux for Agenda VR3:        <li>Linux for Agenda VR3:
613          <br>Download <a href="http://agenda-snow.sourceforge.net/kernel-old-versions/binary/">http://agenda-snow.sourceforge.net/kernel-old-versions/binary</a>/<a href="http://agenda-snow.sourceforge.net/kernel-old-versions/binary/root1.2.6.kernel-8.00">root1.2.6.kernel-8.00</a>          <br>Download <a href="http://agenda-snow.sourceforge.net/kernel-old-versions/binary/">http://agenda-snow.sourceforge.net/kernel-old-versions/binary</a>/<a href="http://agenda-snow.sourceforge.net/kernel-old-versions/binary/root1.2.6.kernel-8.00">root1.2.6.kernel-8.00</a>
614          <br>and <a href="http://vr3.uid0.sk/cd/Software/VR3_Distributions/H2O/">http://vr3.uid0.sk/cd/Software/VR3_Distributions/H2O</a>/<a href="http://vr3.uid0.sk/cd/Software/VR3_Distributions/H2O/root1.2.6.cramfs">root1.2.6.cramfs</a>.          <br>and <a href="http://vr3.uid0.sk/cd/Software/VR3_Distributions/H2O/">http://vr3.uid0.sk/cd/Software/VR3_Distributions/H2O</a>/<a href="http://vr3.uid0.sk/cd/Software/VR3_Distributions/H2O/root1.2.6.cramfs">root1.2.6.cramfs</a>.
615          <br>(or <a href="http://www.ipsec.info/~www/agenda/dream-1-noxip.cramfs">http://www.ipsec.info/~www/agenda/dream-1-noxip.cramfs</a>)          <br>(or <a href="http://www.ipsec.info/~www/agenda/dream-1-noxip.cramfs">http://www.ipsec.info/~www/agenda/dream-1-noxip.cramfs</a>)
616          <br>Try <b>gxemul -b -X -E hpc -e vr3 -x 0xbf200000:root1.2.6.cramfs 0xbf000000:0:0xbf0005e0:root1.2.6.kernel-8.00</b>          <br>Try <b><tt>gxemul -X -e vr3 -x 0xbf200000:root1.2.6.cramfs 0xbf000000:0:0xbf0005e0:root1.2.6.kernel-8.00</tt></b>
617          <br>(or replace root1.2.6.cramfs with dream-1-noxip.cramfs)          <br>(or replace root1.2.6.cramfs with dream-1-noxip.cramfs)
618          <br>Remove <b>-X</b> to try with serial console instead of X, and          <br>Remove <b><tt>-X</tt></b> to try with serial console instead of X, and
619                  remove <b>-b</b> to try without (old) bintrans.                  remove <b><tt>-b</tt></b> to try without (old) bintrans.
620          <br>Add <b>-o 'init=/bin/sh'</b> to boot into a single-user shell.          <br>Add <b><tt>-o 'init=/bin/sh'</tt></b> to boot into a single-user shell.
621          <br>Add <b>-o 'init=/sbin/restore_defaults'</b> to run          <br>Add <b><tt>-o 'init=/sbin/restore_defaults'</tt></b> to run
622                  a /sbin/restore_defaults (attempt to initialize the flash                  a <tt>/sbin/restore_defaults</tt> (attempt to initialize the
623                  memory).                  flash memory).
624        <p>        <p>
625        <li>Linux for MobilePro etc.:        <li>Linux for MobilePro etc.:
626          <br><a href="http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Kernels/">http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Kernels/</a>          <br><a href="http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Kernels/">http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Kernels/</a>
627          <br>Uncompress the archive to get a kernel, vmlinux-800 for example.          <br>Uncompress the archive to get a kernel, vmlinux-800 for example.
628          <br>Try <b>./gxemul -b -X -o 'root=/dev/hda1' -d r:disk.img -d r:disk.img -Ehpc -e mobilepro800 vmlinux-800</b>          <br>Try <b><tt>./gxemul -X -o 'root=/dev/hda1' -d r:disk.img -d r:disk.img -e mobilepro800 vmlinux-800</tt></b>
629          <br>where disk.img is an ext2fs filesystem with contents from          <br>where disk.img is an ext2fs filesystem with contents from
630          <a href="http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Miniroots/miniroot-20010330.tar.bz2">http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Miniroots/miniroot-20010330.tar.bz2</a>          <a href="http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Miniroots/miniroot-20010330.tar.bz2">http://pc1.peanuts.gr.jp/~kei/Hard-Float/Miniroots/miniroot-20010330.tar.bz2</a>
631          <br>(Note the double disk arguments.)          <br>(Note the double disk arguments.)
# Line 594  probably doesn't work in GXemul. Line 633  probably doesn't work in GXemul.
633        <p>        <p>
634        <li><a href="http://www.disorder.ru/openbsd/be300/">OpenBSD/be300</a>:        <li><a href="http://www.disorder.ru/openbsd/be300/">OpenBSD/be300</a>:
635          <br><a href="http://www.disorder.ru/openbsd/be300/bsd.rd">http://www.disorder.ru/openbsd/be300/bsd.rd</a>          <br><a href="http://www.disorder.ru/openbsd/be300/bsd.rd">http://www.disorder.ru/openbsd/be300/bsd.rd</a>
636          <br>Try <b>gxemul -X -b -E hpc -e be300 bsd.rd</b>          <br>Try <b><tt>gxemul -X -e be300 bsd.rd</tt></b>
637          <br>Note: -b might be buggy, so you can try without that if you want to.          <br>Note: bintrans might be buggy, so you can try with -B if you want to.
638      </ul>      </ul>
639    </li>    </li>
640    
641    <p>    <p>
642    
643    <li>Playstation 2:        <li>Linux:
644      <ul>          <br><a href="http://people.debian.org/~pm/mips-cobalt/nfsroot/vmlinux_raq-2800.gz">http://people.debian.org/~pm/mips-cobalt/nfsroot/vmlinux_raq-2800.gz</a>
645        <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/playstation2/">NetBSD/playstation2</a>:          <br>gunzip, and run with <b><tt>-E cobalt</tt></b>
646          <br>NetBSD/playstation2 snapshot kernels are available here: (RAMDISK and GENERIC)          <p>
647          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/playstation2/snapshot/20020327/installation/netbsd.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/playstation2/snapshot/20020327/installation/netbsd.gz</a>          <br><a href="http://dev.gentoo.org/~kumba/mips/cobalt/netboot/cobalt-netboot-20040428.img.gz">http://dev.gentoo.org/~kumba/mips/</a>
648          <br><a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/playstation2/snapshot/20020327/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/playstation2/snapshot/20020327/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>          <br>    <a href="http://dev.gentoo.org/~kumba/mips/cobalt/netboot/cobalt-netboot-20040428.img.gz">cobalt/netboot/cobalt-netboot-20040428.img.gz</a>
649          <br>Try running with <b>-X -E playstation2</b>  (<b>-X</b> is required, for the framebuffer).          <br><b><tt>gxemul -E cobalt cobalt-netboot-20040428.img.gz</tt></b>
650          <p>
651          <li>CoLo:
652            <br><a href="http://www.colonel-panic.org/cobalt-mips/colo/colo-1.19.tar.gz">http://www.colonel-panic.org/cobalt-mips/colo/colo-1.19.tar.gz</a>
653            <br><tt><b>tar zxvf colo-1.19.tar.gz colo-1.19/binaries/colo-rom-image.bin</b></tt>
654            <br><tt><b>gxemul -Q -Ecobalt -v 0xbfc00000:colo-1.19/binaries/colo-rom-image.bin</b></tt>
655            <br>(This doesn't work yet.)
656    
657        <p>        <p>
658        <li>Linux:        <li>Linux:
659          <br>A Linux kernel (2.2.21-pre1-xr7) is available from          <br>A Linux kernel (2.2.21-pre1-xr7) is available from
660          <a href="http://playstation2-linux.com/projects/xrhino-kernel/">http://playstation2-linux.com/projects/xrhino-kernel/</a>          <a href="http://playstation2-linux.com/projects/xrhino-kernel/">http://playstation2-linux.com/projects/xrhino-kernel/</a>
661          <br>Try running with <b>-X -E playstation2</b>  (<b>-X</b> is required, for the framebuffer).          <br>Try running with <b><tt>-X -E playstation2</tt></b>  (<b><tt>-X</tt></b> is required, for the framebuffer).
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
 </ul>  
   
 <p>  
 The following work even less than the ones listed above:  
   
 <p>  
 <ul>  
   <li>Cobalt:  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cobalt/">NetBSD/cobalt</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and run with <b>-E cobalt</b>  
       <p>  
       <li>Linux:  
         <br><a href="http://people.debian.org/~pm/mips-cobalt/nfsroot/vmlinux_raq-2800.gz">http://people.debian.org/~pm/mips-cobalt/nfsroot/vmlinux_raq-2800.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and run with <b>-E cobalt</b>  
662      </ul>      </ul>
663    </li>    </li>
664    
665    <p>    <p>
666    
   <li>Sony NeWS:  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/newsmips/">NetBSD/newsmips</a>:  
         <br>A NetBSD/newsmips kernel and corresponding symbols are  
                 available here:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/newsmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/newsmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/newsmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.symbols.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/newsmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.symbols.gz</a>  
         <br>Try running with <b>-E sonynews</b>.  
         <br>There's also a boot floppy available, but the emulator currently  
                 doesn't support booting from it:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6/newsmips/installation/floppy/boot.fs">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6/newsmips/installation/floppy/boot.fs</a>  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
667    
   <p>  
668    
669    <li><a href="http://www.meshcube.org/">MeshCube</a>:  meshcube Linux:
     <ul>  
       <li>Linux:  
670          <br>A Linux kernel is available from          <br>A Linux kernel is available from
671          <a href="http://www.meshcube.org/feed/stable/">http://www.meshcube.org/feed/stable</a>/<a href="http://www.meshcube.org/feed/stable/kernel-image-mtx_2.4.24-3_mipsel.ipk">kernel-image-mtx_2.4.24-3_mipsel.ipk</a>          <a href="http://www.meshcube.org/feed/stable/">http://www.meshcube.org/feed/stable</a>/<a href="http://www.meshcube.org/feed/stable/kernel-image-mtx_2.4.24-3_mipsel.ipk">kernel-image-mtx_2.4.24-3_mipsel.ipk</a>
672          <br>(This is a Debian package, you can use <b>ar</b> and <b>tar</b>          <br>(This is a Debian package, you can use <tt><b>ar</b></tt> and
673                  to extract kernel.img from it.)                  <tt><b>tar</b></tt> to extract kernel.img from it.)
674          <br>Try running with <b>-E meshcube 0x80800000:kernel.img</b>.          <br>Try running with <b><tt>-E meshcube 0x80800000:kernel.img</tt></b>.
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
   <p>  
675    
676    <li><a href="http://www.seattlewireless.net/index.cgi/NetgearWG602">NetGear WG602</a>:    <li><a href="http://www.seattlewireless.net/index.cgi/NetgearWG602">NetGear WG602</a>:
     <ul>  
677        <li>Linux:        <li>Linux:
678          <br>A Linux kernel is available from          <br>A Linux kernel is available from
679          <a href="ftp://downloads.netgear.com/files/wg602_v1715.zip">ftp://downloads.netgear.com/files/wg602_v1715.zip</a>          <a href="ftp://downloads.netgear.com/files/wg602_v1715.zip">ftp://downloads.netgear.com/files/wg602_v1715.zip</a>
680          <br>(Unzip wg602_v1715.zip to get WG602_V1715.img.)          <br>(Unzip wg602_v1715.zip to get WG602_V1715.img.)
681          <br>Try running with <b>-E netgear 0xbfc80000:0x40:WG602_V1715.img</b>.          <br>Try running with <b><tt>-E netgear 0xbfc80000:0x40:WG602_V1715.img</tt></b>.
682          <br>(It takes some time to decompress the kernel, so be patient.)          <br>(It takes some time to decompress the kernel, so be patient.)
683      </ul>          <br>(This doesn't really work yet.)
   </li>  
   
   <p>  
   
   <li>Linksys WRT54G:  
     <ul>  
       <li>Linux:  
         <br><a href="http://openwrt.org/">OpenWRT</a> is a Linux  
                 distribution for the WRT54G.  
         <br><a href="http://www.batbox.org/wrt54g-linux.html">BatBox</a>  
                 is another distribution.  
         <br>Download <a href="http://pjf.dotgeek.org/downloads/openwrt/openwrt-g-code.bin">http://pjf.dotgeek.org/downloads/openwrt/openwrt-g-code.bin</a>  
                 (or a similar .bin file).  
         <br>From offset 60 and forward in the bin file, there is a gzip file.  
         <br>$ <b>dd if=openwrt-g-code.bin of=piggy.gz bs=60 iseek=1 oseek=0</b>  
         <br>$ <b>gunzip piggy.gz</b>  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E linksys -t 0x80001000:piggy</b>  
         <br>There's also a .bin file available from linksys:  
                 <a href="ftp://ftp.linksys.com/pub/network/WRT54G_1.30.7_US_code.bin">ftp://ftp.linksys.com/pub/network/WRT54G_1.30.7_US_code.bin</a>  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
 </ul>  
   
 <p>  
 The following don't work at all, actually, because the PPC and SPARC  
 modes are just skeletons so far.  
   
 <p>  
 <ul>  
   
   <li>Walnut (evbppc):  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/evbppc/">NetBSD/evbppc</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/evbppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL_WALNUT.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/evbppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL_WALNUT.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try the following:  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E walnut -v -t netbsd-INSTALL_WALNUT</b>  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
   <p>  
684    
   <li>Artesyn's PM/PPC board (pmppc):  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmppc/">NetBSD/pmppc</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try the following:  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E pmppc netbsd-INSTALL</b>  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
   <p>  
685    
   <li>Motorola Sandpoint (sandpoint):  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sandpoint/">NetBSD/sandpoint</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sandpoint/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sandpoint/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try the following:  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E sandpoint -v -t netbsd-INSTALL</b>  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
   <p>  
   
   <li>PReP:  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/prep/">NetBSD/prep</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try the following:  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E prep -v -t netbsd-INSTALL</b>  
       <p>  
686        <li>Linux:        <li>Linux:
687          <br><a href="http://jocelyn.mayer.free.fr/qemu-ppc/linux_images/2.4.25-PPC/vmlinux">http://jocelyn.mayer.free.fr/qemu-ppc/linux_images/2.4.25-PPC/vmlinux</a>          <br><a href="http://jocelyn.mayer.free.fr/qemu-ppc/linux_images/2.4.25-PPC/vmlinux">http://jocelyn.mayer.free.fr/qemu-ppc/linux_images/2.4.25-PPC/vmlinux</a>
688          <br>$ <b>gxemul -E prep -v -t vmlinux</b>          <br><tt><b>gxemul -E prep -v -t vmlinux</b></tt>
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
   <p>  
   
   <li>MacPPC:  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/">NetBSD/macppc</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/macppc/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/macppc/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/macppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E macppc -e g4 -t netbsd-INSTALL</b>  
       <p>  
       <li><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/macppc.html">OpenBSD/macppc</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.6/macppc/">ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.6/macppc</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.6/macppc/bsd.rd">bsd.rd</a>  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E macppc -e g4 -t bsd.rd</b>  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
689    
   <p>  
   
   <li>BeBox:  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/bebox/">NetBSD/bebox</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/bebox/snapshot/19981119/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/bebox/snapshot/19981119</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/bebox/snapshot/19981119/kern.tgz">kern.tgz</a>  
         <br>$ <b>tar tvzf kern.tgz</b>  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E bebox netbsd</b>  
       <p>  
690        <li><a href="http://www.bebox.nu/os.php?s=os/linux/index">Linux/bebox</a>:        <li><a href="http://www.bebox.nu/os.php?s=os/linux/index">Linux/bebox</a>:
691          <br><a href="http://www.bebox.nu/files/linux/BeBox-scsi-980610.gz">http://www.bebox.nu/files/linux/BeBox-scsi-980610.gz</a>          <br><a href="http://www.bebox.nu/files/linux/BeBox-scsi-980610.gz">http://www.bebox.nu/files/linux/BeBox-scsi-980610.gz</a>
692          <br>$ <b>gunzip BeBox-scsi-980610.gz</b>          <br><tt><b>gunzip BeBox-scsi-980610.gz</b></tt>
693          <br>$ <b>gxemul -E bebox 0x3100:0x400:BeBox-scsi-980610</b>          <br><tt><b>gxemul -E bebox 0x3100:0x400:BeBox-scsi-980610</b></tt>
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
   <p>  
   
   <li>SPARC64:  
     <ul>  
       <li><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sparc64/">NetBSD/sparc64</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sparc64/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sparc64/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>  
         <br>gunzip, and try the following:  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E ultra1 -v -i netbsd-INSTALL</b>  
       <p>  
       <li><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/sparc64.html">OpenBSD/sparc64</a>:  
         <br><a href="ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.6/sparc64/bsd.rd">ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.6/sparc64/bsd.rd</a>  
         <br>rename to bsd.rd.gz, gunzip, and try the following:  
         <br>$ <b>gxemul -E ultra1 -v -i bsd.rd</b>  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
 </ul>  
   
 <p>  
 The URISC emulation mode is just for fun. (Read  
 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URISC">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URISC</a>  
 for more info.)  
   
 <p>  
 <ul>  
   
   <li>URISC:  
     <ul>  
       <li>I've placed a small test program in the experiments directory.  
         <br>Start like this: <b>gxemul -E testurisc 0:urisc_test.bin</b>  
         <br>or, if you want to single-step:  
                 <b>gxemul -V -E testurisc 0:urisc_test.bin</b>  
         <br>2005-03-01: All outputed characters are printed twice. I'll  
         try to make a pseudo-device for outputing to "normal" devices  
         later.  
     </ul>  
   </li>  
   
 </ul>  
   
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